Layers of retina1/23/2024 SD is the most common form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration, with a prevalence of 1 in 10,000 births. AMD afflicts 1.75 million people in the United States alone, is the leading cause of blindness in individuals over 55 years of age in the United States and Europe, and was estimated to affect ∼196 million people worldwide in 2020. RP afflicts 100,000 people in the United States and usually causes visual loss in childhood or young adulthood. For example, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and Stargardt disease (SD) are degenerative retinal diseases in which RPE dysfunction has been implicated in their pathogenesis. Therefore, RPE structure and function are essential to normal vision, and alterations in the RPE can impair function and lead to retinopathy. The RPE also harbors a complex metabolic system that reduces excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative damage. The RPE appears dark brown due to its melanin content, which reduces damage to the retina and internal nerves from ultraviolet light ( Tian et al., 2021). The tight junction formed between the single-layer RPE and the gap junction control the movement of substances and at the same time forms the choroid-blood-retinal barrier with Bruch’s membrane and choroid at the lateral retina ( Xie et al., 2020). The inside of RPE cells harbors microvillous structures extending between photoreceptor outer segments (POS), which participate in the phagocytic function of the RPE ( Song and Zhou, 2020 Zhou and Zhou, 2020 Yang et al., 2021). The basement membrane is closely connected to the basal folds by half desmosomes located in the innermost layer of Bruch’s membrane. The outer side exhibits basal infolding, which increases cell surface area and facilitates substance exchange. The outer side of the RPE is connected to Bruch’s membrane and the choroid, while the inner side is connected to the outer segment of photoreceptor cells. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is formed from a single layer of regular polygonal cells arranged at the outermost layer of the retina. In doing so, we provide new viewpoints outlining new ideas for the future study and treatment of retinopathies. Here we review the function of the retinal pigment epithelium and its relevance to the pathobiology, and discuss potential strategies for the treatment of retinopathies. Therefore, studying the relationship between the development, function, and pathobiology of the retinal pigment epithelium is important for the prevention and treatment of retinopathies. Damage to the structure and function of the retinal pigment epithelium leads to a variety of retinopathies, and there is currently no curative therapy for these disorders. The retinal pigment epithelium is a fundamental component of the retina that plays essential roles in visual functions. 2Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.1State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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